"Texas' Only Caffeinated Plant Makes a Buzzworthy Tea - Texas Highways". The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. University of Tennessee Press ISBN 0-87049-248-9. "Ritual Black Drink consumption at Cahokia". ^ Crown PL, Emerson TE, Gu J, Hurst WJ, Pauketat TR, Ward T (August 2012).Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. Army Corps of Engineers Wildlife Resources Management Manual (PDF). "Section 7.5.10 Yaupon ( Ilex vomitoria)". Florida Department of Environmental Protection. ^ a b c d "Yaupon Ilex vomitoria" (PDF).and Ilex vomitoria Ait.: Assessing Sources of the North American Stimulant Cassina". "Diversity of Methylxanthine Content in Ilex cassine L. O Brave New Words!: Native American Loanwords in Current English. Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Yaupon Beach, North Carolina - a former town and current neighborhood of Oak Island, North Carolina.Kuding – a Chinese tisane made from I.Ilex guayusa or guayusa – a caffeinated holly native to the Ecuadorian Amazon Rainforest.Ilex paraguariensis or yerba mate – a caffeinated holly native to subtropical South America.'Will Fleming' – male clone featuring a columnar growth habit.'Schilling's Dwarf'/'Stokes Dwarf' – dwarf male clone that grows no more than 0.6 m tall and 1.2 m wide.'Pride of Houston' – female clone similar to type but featuring improvements in form, fruiting, and foliage.'Nana'/'Compacta' – dwarf female clone usually remaining below 1 m in height.'Grey's Littleleaf'/'Grey's Weeping' – weeping cultivar.The most common cultivars are slow-growing shrubs popular for their dense, evergreen foliage and their adaptability to pruning into hedges of various shapes. Ilex vomitoria is a common landscape plant in the Southeastern United States. Recently, the process of drying the leaves for consumption has been adopted by modern Americans, and yaupon is now commercially available. In the English-speaking colonies, it was known variously as cassina, yaupon tea, Indian tea, Carolina tea, and Appalachian tea. Ilex vomitoria by colonists for tea making and for medicinal uses in the Carolinas is documented by the early eighteenth century. Native Americans may have also used the infusion as a laxative. The active ingredients, like those of the related yerba mate and guayusa plants, are caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline the vomiting may have resulted from the great quantities in which they drank the beverage, coupled with fasting. Historically the ceremonial consumption often included vomiting, and Europeans deduced that yaupon caused it (hence the Latin name - Ilex vomitoria). Some Native American tribes brew the leaves and stems to create an herbal tea, commonly called black drink. It generally occurs in coastal areas in well-drained sandy soils, and can be found on the upper edges of brackish and salt marshes, sandy hammocks, coastal sand dunes, inner-dune depressions, sandhills, maritime forests, nontidal forested wetlands, well-drained forests and pine flatwoods. A disjunct population occurs in the Mexican state of Chiapas. vomitoria occurs in the United States from the Eastern Shore of Virginia south to Florida and west to Oklahoma and Texas. The species may be distinguished from the similar Ilex cassine by its smaller leaves with a rounded, not acute apex. The fruit is a small round, shiny, and red (occasionally yellow) drupe 4–6 mm diameter containing four pits, which are dispersed by birds eating the fruit. The flowers are 5–5.5 mm diameter, with a white four-lobed corolla. The leaf arrangement is alternate, with leaves ovate to elliptical and a rounded apex with crenate or coarsely serrated margin, 1–4.5 cm long and 1–2 cm broad, glossy dark green above, slightly paler below. Yaupon holly is an evergreen shrub or small tree reaching 5–9 m tall, with smooth, light gray bark and slender, hairy shoots.
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